Adult Plasticity

Adult brain plasticity is real despite older views that adult circuits were relatively fixed. Adult plasticity requires focused attention, adequate arousal, repetition, and short focused training bouts. Dopamine and acetylcholine amplify communication between relevant neurons when attention and arousal converge on a task. Neuromodulator augmentation may help under some conditions but is not a universal recommendation. Adult plasticity can continue through training methods including visual training, motor practice, cognitive work, stress exposure, and state-control tools.