Autophagy Inhibitors

Bafilomycin increased autophagosome accumulation because fusion with lysosomes was blocked. Bafilomycin was simulated by reducing autophagosome degradation and autophagic stress relief fivefold. Beclin-1 knockdown was simulated by reducing initial total Beclin-1 concentration by 50%. 3-methyladenine was simulated by reducing autophagosome formation twofold. 3-MA increased apoptosis because reduced autophagic recycling leaves more unresolved stress.