Brain Damage

The review focused on adults with acute moderate to severe TBI, defined by Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 12. Sustained health consequences of repeated strangulation over extended periods have not been established by this study. Most included trials studied severe TBI rather than moderate TBI alone. In 1977, neurologist Dr. John Fineberg documented that ECT causes structural brain damage indistinguishable from head trauma. The article does not establish that exogenous ketones prevent or reduce TBI outcomes in athletes or military personnel. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated measurable impacts of low-level laser therapy and photobiomodulation in treating traumatic brain injury. Adults with moderate to severe TBI were considered biologically plausible candidates for EAA inhibition because acute excitotoxicity is more clinically relevant in this population. After acute TBI, ketones could provide an additional substrate when the brain has elevated energy demand. Longer-term TBI may involve impaired glucose metabolism, and ketones could help fill an energy gap by bypassing it. Traumatic brain injury is a major global cause of death and long-term disability. The long-ter…