Cardiac-Cell Hybrid Model

Under normal conditions, midmyocardial, endocardial, and epicardial cells could leave the resting mode after stimulation. The spike-and-dome property held for epicardial cells but not for midmyocardial or endocardial cells under normal transient stimulation. Sustained stimulation prevented the model from returning to rest after a successful action potential. Under disease parameter settings, the excitability property failed, implying possible conduction block by unexcitable cells. The cardiac-cell hybrid automaton included four modes and four variables for cardiac electrophysiology properties.