Cardiorenal Syndrome

The kidney failure incidence rates in the Tianjin cohort are broadly comparable with a Hong Kong database study, with marginally lower rates consistent with its slightly lower baseline eGFR. Cardiorenal syndrome involves hemodynamic and neurohormonal crosstalk between the failing heart and the kidney, accelerating deterioration of both organs. Both cohorts carried a heavy cardiovascular and metabolic burden, with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and peripheral vascular disease as the most common comorbidities. Despite initiating evidence-based second-line therapies, patients in both cohorts exhibited meaningful residual risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events. Residual risks of kidney failure and cardiovascular events persisting after newer-agent initiation highlight the need for comprehensive, patient-centred management and early combination regimens including emerging nsMRA options.