Cardiovascular Risk Stratification

Subgroup analyses found no significant interaction between UACR and any examined covariate, suggesting the UACR-MACE association is consistent across population subgroups. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors explain about 90% of myocardial infarction and stroke risk, leaving residual cardiovascular risk unexplained. Elevated UACR often coexists with diabetes and chronic kidney disease, which can promote diffuse coronary artery calcification and more complex atherosclerotic plaque morphology. Albuminuria may serve as a marker linking microvascular injury, kidney dysfunction, and macrovascular disease burden. Any single sign or symptom from the cardiovascular/metabolic/pulmonary disease list places a patient in the high-risk category regardless of risk factor count. Having two or more cardiovascular disease risk factors, or any one sign or symptom of cardiovascular, metabolic, or pulmonary disease, classifies a patient as high-risk. Chronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for long-term cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Sedentarism as a CVD risk factor follows the '3-3-3' rule: fewer than 3 days per week, for fewer than 3 months, at fewer than 30 minutes…