CES-D

Different CES-D versions across waves created measurement inconsistency that standardisation reduced but did not fully remove. Depressive symptoms were measured with CES-D instruments across study waves. Wave 1 used the CES-D 8, while Wave…

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Different CES-D versions across waves created measurement inconsistency that standardisation reduced but did not fully remove. Depressive symptoms were measured with CES-D instruments across study waves. Wave 1 used the CES-D 8, while Waves 2 and 3 used the CES-D 20. The CES-D 20 captures negative affect, positive affect, somatic problems, and interpersonal difficulties.