Citrinin

Mannanoligosaccharides are described as binding citrinin in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing absorption. Citrinin is commonly reported on laboratory tests and often appears with ochratoxin A. Citrinin decreases enzymatic activity and increases oxidative stress. Long-term citrinin effects include liver dysfunction, kidney dysfunction, bone marrow dysfunction, kidney cancer, testicular cancer, oxidative DNA damage, and mutagenicity. Citrinin can be produced by Monascus purpureus, the yeast used to make red yeast rice.