Combination Penna Model

The combination model is more sensitive to p than the pure senescent Penna model. In steady state, the combination model assumes l = 0 for all individuals. The combination Penna model combines instantaneous Penna-style death with probabilistic senescence-related death. The model requires the probabilistic senescence time to be less than or equal to the instantaneous Penna mutation time. Each individual in the combination model is characterized by a probabilistic senescence time and an instantaneous Penna mutation time. The combination model is motivated by non-senescence diseases such as genetically influenced heart disease or stroke.