Comorbidities

Hypertension was associated with lower in-hospital mortality risk in both diagnosis groups. Effective management of hypertension as a comorbidity was associated with improved treatment satisfaction, highlighting the value of controlling concurrent conditions. Major chronic comorbidities included diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disease, and HIV infection. Multimorbidity is a major predictor of poor HRQoL in older adults with heart failure not only in Ethiopia but also in Europe and North America. Liver disease had the highest proportional death rate among listed comorbidities but did not reach significance in the Cox model because of low case counts. HIV is presented as a robust driver of TB mortality across different health system contexts. Ischaemic heart disease affected 33.4% of participants, chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease affected 30%, and both pneumonia and atrial fibrillation each affected 16%, indicating a high burden of concurrent disease. Renal disease increases TB mortality risk through drug dosing, adverse effects, and nephrotoxic treatment demands. Coexisting illnesses can complicate antibiotic selection and impair recovery. The…