Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Survival improvements have shifted clinical focus toward long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in complex congenital heart disease. Children with complex congenital heart disease are at elevated risk for executive function difficulties. About one-third of newborns with congenital heart disease have complex disease requiring cardiopulmonary bypass surgery within the first year of life. Lower socioeconomic status is described as a risk factor for reduced executive functions in children with complex congenital heart disease.