Creatinine

Creatinine production is not significantly driven by diet. Cumulative exposure to elevated creatinine captured event risk better than current creatinine value or instantaneous slope alone. Creatinine is presented as a more reliable and consistent kidney function indicator than BUN. Abnormal creatinine results warrant follow-up testing and review of non-kidney contributing factors. Creatine supplementation can elevate serum creatinine without necessarily indicating impaired renal function. Creatinine levels can be affected by medications, diet, exercise, demographics, pregnancy, kidney problems, and dehydration. Creatinine is filtered and excreted by the kidneys at a relatively constant rate. The article interprets accumulated elevated creatinine over time as a risk burden rather than only a single contemporaneous measurement. Creatinine values were log-transformed to improve numerical stability and make the distribution more symmetric for modelling. Higher cumulative history of log creatinine was linked to substantially higher hazard of AKI, CKD, or death. Elevated creatinine levels suggest impaired kidney function or decreased glomerular filtration rate. Pathologically elevated s…