Crystalloid Solutions

Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses support strong recommendations for balanced crystalloids in adult surgical and critically ill populations. Buffered (balanced) crystalloids are formulated with plasma-like electrolyte compositions to help maintain acid-base balance. The scoping review will pay particular attention to hyperchloraemia, acidosis, and renal function concerns associated with 0.9% saline. Non-buffered solutions such as 0.9% saline carry a high chloride load associated with hyperchloraemic acidosis, acute kidney injury, endothelial damage, oedema formation, and adverse haemodynamic effects.