Device-Based and Surgical Interventions

Cardiac contractility modulation aims to enhance left ventricular contractility and has exploratory evidence of improved KCCQ scores and general health status. Device-based and surgical approaches for HFpEF are heterogeneous. CardioMEMS-type pulmonary artery pressure sensors provide continuous haemodynamic monitoring. Transcatheter interatrial shunt devices aim to reduce left atrial pressure and improve exercise tolerance and prognosis. Pacemaker implantation may raise exercise heart rate, but some studies suggest no exercise capacity benefit and possible increased adverse events.