Dietary Sources

The Sardinian diet is presented as an example of high C15 intake associated with longevity. Grass-fed cows are said to produce milk with about twice as much C15 as grain-fed cows. The article links low-fat dairy adoption over the past 50 years to reduced population C15 intake. Avoidance of whole eggs likely worsened choline deficiency at the population level. Vegans, vegetarians, and very low-fat dieters have elevated risk of choline deficiency because the richest sources are animal-derived. Omnivores can still fall short of choline targets if they avoid egg yolks or eat little meat. Whole-fat dairy is described as the main dietary C15 source for humans. Egg yolks are highly choline-dense, while egg whites provide essentially no choline.