Disability

Disability increased within-settlement healthcare use in Dwarzark and Moyiba. Pilates significantly improved disability compared with control groups. Households with a disabled member were more likely to seek within-settlement care in Dwarzark and Moyiba. Five studies assessed disability across 286 participants. The certainty of evidence for disability improvement was low because of serious risk of bias and imprecision from small sample size. A sensitivity analysis excluding the high-risk non-randomised trial did not change the significant disability finding. Disability was assessed with tools including the Oswestry Disability Index, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, and Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire. The study interprets lower outside-settlement care among households affected by disability as possible reliance on nearby care or stronger mobility and affordability barriers. Disability was linked to lower outside-settlement healthcare use in all three settlements. Policy interventions should improve nearby care accessibility and reduce mobility and cost barriers for disabled households needing outside services.