DNA Synthesis

Early recombinant DNA work involved slow manual cutting and joining of DNA molecules. Early synthetic genomes were small and viral because viruses have compact genomes compared with cells. DNA synthesis converts edited digital sequences back into physical DNA molecules. Synthesized DNA becomes biologically active only after it is introduced into cells that read the program. Specific nutrients are required to synthesize and repair DNA. Proper cellular regeneration depends on nutrients that support DNA function. Food supplies building blocks used in genetic material. DNA synthesis is a key biosecurity control point because digital sequences are inert until synthesized into biological material.