Dual-Stage Migration

After adjustment, dual-stage migration was associated with lower odds of depression compared with non-migration. The adjusted depression association for dual-stage migrants corresponded to a 20% reduction in depression odds. The dual-stage migration finding differed from research that treated migration as a binary variable. Repeated or cumulative adaptation to migration-related stress may be associated with psychological resilience in later life. Dual-stage migration may be linked to lower later-life depression through cumulative advantages such as broader social exposure, adaptability, resources, wealth, and networks.