Electronic Health Record Data

The final analytical sample included 33,882 adult ICU patients across COPD, HF, and T2DM cohorts. The study used MIMIC-IV version 2.2, a de-identified EHR database developed by MIT with Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. MIMIC-IV contains clinical notes, laboratory data, pharmacologic data, and demographic data from more than 60,000 ICU admissions between 2008 and 2019. Structured EHR variables included demographics, comorbidities, laboratory values, vital signs, severity scores, medication classes, and prior healthcare utilisation. Unstructured clinical notes supplied behavioral and care-continuity indicators such as medication non-adherence, substance use, social support, discharge education, and outpatient follow-up planning.