Eligibility Criteria

Eligible patients have liver tumours considered suitable for minimally invasive surgery by a multidisciplinary liver tumour board. Participants must be at least 18 years old and able to provide informed consent. The comparison group must be people with no cancer history or the general population. Sham TPS comparators must closely mimic active TPS sessions. The review excludes linear regression, logistic regression, and ARIMA as traditional statistical approaches. Exclusively telehealth services will be excluded, but models combining in-person clinician travel with telehealth components will be included. Eligible comparators are standard care or no intervention, while active psychosocial comparator interventions will be excluded. Refugees and asylum seekers are excluded because their migration trajectories and dietary acculturation pathways may differ from those of economic or skilled migrants. The study uses deteriorating health rather than predicted survival to identify end-of-life participants because longer-range physician survival predictions are unreliable. Non-invasive or transcutaneous VNS devices are excluded because their delivery mechanism and stimulation paradigm differ…