Emergency Department Outcomes

Ambulance arrivals had the longest adjusted ED stays regardless of deprivation. Referral source was more influential than socioeconomic status for all outcome measures. Ambulance arrivals had the highest adjusted probability of breaching the 4-hour target. Other medical referrals had the highest adjusted hospital admission probabilities. Self-referrals had the highest unplanned return probabilities, with higher rates in more deprived areas. The study evaluated total ED time, 4-hour breach, inpatient admission, and unplanned return as primary outcomes.