Endothelial Layer

Endothelial cells line blood vessels and act as sensors and regulators. The endothelium produces nitric oxide, which helps arteries relax and remain flexible. The endothelial layer is the primary target of arterial disease, and dietary strategy for heart health must address what it needs and what destroys it. The endothelial layer actively regulates blood pressure, functions as a selective filter, prevents clot formation, and participates in immune responses. Endothelial cells control how much blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste-removal capacity tissues receive. Endothelial regulation is necessary because tissue demand changes constantly. Endothelial cells help match blood flow to changing needs in the liver, brain, and muscles. Chronically elevated insulin and insulin resistance are presented as drivers of endothelial injury through oxidative stress. Endothelial cells preferentially use glucose as their fuel source. Endothelial damage reduces nitric oxide output and increases arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and turbulent flow. When endothelial cells cannot access glucose due to insulin resistance, the tissue becomes structurally compromised, inflammation increases, and the ar…