Exposure Assessment Methods

Multiple exposure assessment techniques are treated as complementary because exposure routes and determinants differ. Biological monitoring is useful for longer-term exposure assessment because cadmium persists in the body. Air monitoring uses personal or stationary sampling devices to measure cadmium in workplace air. Surface and dermal wipe sampling can detect cadmium contamination on work surfaces, tools, PPE, and skin. Occupational cadmium exposure occurs mainly through inhalation. Ingestion can occur after contaminated surfaces, equipment, or protective equipment lead to hand-to-mouth contact.