Fetal Monitoring

Doppler and late-pregnancy ultrasound monitoring did not significantly reduce stillbirth, based on low-certainty evidence. Fetal movement awareness showed no clear stillbirth effect but a marginal reduction in perinatal mortality with very low certainty. Most fetal monitoring strategies had uncertain or limited effects on stillbirth prevention. Fetal movement counting did not significantly affect stillbirth and showed substantial heterogeneity. Fetal monitoring remains clinically plausible because it can detect placental insufficiency, fetal growth restriction, and compromised uteroplacental circulation.