GHS Index Categories

Among non-island jurisdictions, all 2019 GHS Index categories except compliance with international norms were associated with age-standardised excess mortality after controls and correction. Risk environment, rapid response, and health system had the strongest category-level associations by coefficient magnitude. Prevention and detection categories were also associated with mortality, but followed the strongest categories in coefficient magnitude. The study interprets social resilience, response capacity, and health system capacity as likely influences on mortality once a pandemic is underway.