GLP-1 Signaling
When estrogen falls during perimenopause or menopause, GLP-1 secretion drops, reducing satiety signaling and causing persistent hunger even after adequate meals. GLP-1 agonists such as semaglutide and tirzepatide mechanistically compensate…
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When estrogen falls during perimenopause or menopause, GLP-1 secretion drops, reducing satiety signaling and causing persistent hunger even after adequate meals. GLP-1 agonists such as semaglutide and tirzepatide mechanistically compensate for estrogen-driven GLP-1 suppression by directly activating GLP-1 receptors. Phytoestrogens including berberine, cinnamon, and soy isoflavones support GLP-1 secretion through the ER Alpha pathway. By age 45–55, 65% of women meet criteria for obesity, rising to 75% after age 65, substantially driven by hormonal GLP-1 suppression.