Governance and Policy

Singapore, Malaysia, Brazil, and China are highlighted as examples of horizontal and vertical coordination. Practical operationalisation of One Health for dengue remains limited compared with malaria-endemic settings. Effective dengue governance requires cooperation among health ministries, municipalities, environmental sectors, education sectors, and private sectors. Excessive centralisation, fragmented policies, poor inter-sectoral coordination, and weak legal enforcement were reported in India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Brazil. The One Health framework was increasingly reported for dengue in Pakistan, China, and Nigeria.