Haemorrhoid Procedures

Minimally invasive sphincter-preserving approaches such as DGHAL, THD, and laser haemorrhoidoplasty aim to reduce tissue trauma and shorten recovery. Stapled haemorrhoidopexy was designed to reduce postoperative pain and speed recovery. Milligan-Morgan open haemorrhoidectomy is treated as a benchmark operation but is linked to postoperative pain and delayed wound healing. Ferguson closed haemorrhoidectomy was developed to accelerate healing through primary closure. The review will also consider office-based and energy-based treatments including sclerotherapy, rubber band ligation, radiofrequency ablation, and copper-ion electrochemical therapy.