Hindi Translation and Cultural Adaptation

Back-translation confirmed that the English version maintained conceptual integrity with the German original. Cognitive interviews were not conducted in this study, although separate qualitative feedback suggested translated questions were generally clear. The translation prioritized conceptual equivalence rather than literal translation. The translation process prioritized conceptual equivalence over literal translation. The study modified existing Hindi translations of K10, PHQ9, EPDS, and GAD7 for local terminology. Two bilingual doctors independently translated the German items into English without seeing the previous English translation. PASS, PCL5, and SASS were translated by the study team using WHO and patient-reported outcome translation guidance. A bilingual research panel and bilingual children reviewed the translations and resolved discrepancies by consensus. Some English phrases were difficult to translate into Hindi because direct equivalents or modifiers were lacking.