Hip and Knee Mechanics

The pelvic model is presented as a practical clinical framework rather than a complete biomechanical proof. Pelvic strategy categories are described as biases rather than total absence of the opposite respiratory strategy. Inhalation is associated with diaphragm descent, downward-and-outward visceral displacement, sacral counternutation, and pelvic inlet expansion. Exhalation is associated with ventral compression, upward visceral movement, sacral nutation, and compression of the pelvic inlet. Pelvic orientation is described as influencing available femoral motion. Full-depth squatting is linked to posterior pelvic orientation and sacral counternutation. Femoral motion is said to change the orientation of forces and tissues around the knee. Gluteus maximus activity is emphasized as a contributor to hip extension. An internally rotated femur paired with an externally rotated tibia may create a torsional relationship that stresses tissues near the iliotibial band. The proposed corrective direction for knee torsion is tibial internal rotation and femoral external rotation.