Immune System Regeneration

CD33 editing persisted after transplant in myeloid, B, and NK lineages and tracked with donor chimerism. Full donor myeloid, B-cell, and NK-cell chimerism was observed by day 28 or day 60 in all patients. CD33-deleted HSPCs differentiated across lineages without apparent selective disadvantage versus unedited cells. Trem-cel generated de novo T-cell and B-cell clonotypes with diverse repertoires. The thymus gland, which steadily atrophies with normal aging, regenerates and grows during fasting. The intestinal lining regenerates in a clean environment during fasting, healing microinjuries and reducing permeability. At the 72-hour fasting mark, a clinically studied complete immune system regeneration occurs. A documented, clinically studied complete immune system regeneration occurs at the 72-hour fasting mark. The main CRISPR repair outcome was non-homologous end joining that generated small insertions and deletions causing CD33 protein loss. New, fully functional immune cells are generated primarily during the refeeding phase, not during the fast itself. Old, damaged, and senescent white blood cells are recycled via autophagy during fasting. The full expression of immune regenerat…