Indigenous Populations

Indigenous women remained behind Mestizo and White women in several 2018 RMNCH services after adjustment. Indigenous populations still had about 20% lower maternal and child health coverage than Mestizo and White populations in 2018. The review uses a United Nations framing of indigenous identity rather than a single rigid definition. Indigenous identity is associated with self-identification, historical continuity, distinct cultural traits, ties to ancestral lands, and non-dominant societal status. Indigenous populations experience a disproportionate anaemia burden compared with general populations. Indigenous populations had persistent social disadvantages in 2018 despite improvements.