Interprofessional Collaboration

The USA and Malaysia were cited as successful models for interprofessional education integration. Some experts opposed incorporating interprofessional collaboration at the undergraduate level, while others proposed virtual learning and research-based IPC as flexible alternatives. Jordan lacked a formal national asthma education programme or standardised asthma management protocol. Role ambiguity contributed to patients receiving incomplete or no inhaler instruction. Deprescribing was seen as requiring collaboration that uses each profession's expertise. Structured team-based asthma care pathways with clear professional roles were identified as a longer-term priority. Jordan lacked a coordinated team-based asthma care model in the study context. Asthma care roles were unclear among physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and PharmDs. Barriers to IPC implementation include limited clinical settings, systemic constraints, and insufficient respect for pharmacy students in multidisciplinary environments. Formal incorporation of interprofessional collaboration into the Pharm.D curriculum was recommended through seminars, integrated courses, and joint training with medical and other students.