Kirkpatrick and Phillips Evaluation Frameworks

Many simulation studies demonstrate effectiveness only at lower Kirkpatrick levels, with cost and ROI analyses remaining rare. The Kirkpatrick model evaluates training programmes at four levels: Reaction, Learning, Behaviour and Results. The Phillips model extends the Kirkpatrick model by adding a fifth level assessing return on investment. Kirkpatrick's model structures educational evaluation across four progressively deeper levels. Reviewers will receive training on the Kirkpatrick and Phillips ROI frameworks before charting data because these concepts are specific to healthcare simulation. Level 2 measures learning by comparing knowledge scores before and after the intervention. Level 3 examines whether learning transfers into clinical practice by observing real ABG case interpretation during internship. Level 1 evaluates participant reaction and perceived usefulness of the training. Level 4 evaluates downstream clinical quality, error rates, and decision-making after graduation.