Later-Life Health Outcomes
The study assessed self-rated health, depression, cognition, and physical disability as later-life health outcomes. Depression was measured using the CES-D 10 scale, with scores of 10 or higher classified as depression. The selected outcom…
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The study assessed self-rated health, depression, cognition, and physical disability as later-life health outcomes. Depression was measured using the CES-D 10 scale, with scores of 10 or higher classified as depression. The selected outcomes were intended to represent subjective health, mental health, cognitive function, and physical functioning in ageing. Self-rated health was measured on a five-point scale, with higher scores indicating better perceived health. Cognitive impairment thresholds varied according to respondents' education level. Physical disability was measured using 12 basic and instrumental activities of daily living.