Leadership

Leadership was a prominent contributor to the service's effectiveness. Leadership was identified by almost all interviewees as the primary lever for increasing physician participation. Supportive leadership was especially important when managing across multiple teams. Creators and leaders share intelligence, motivation, drive, and openness but differ mainly in extraversion. Leaders tend to be more extraverted, dominant, influential, and power-oriented than creators. Leadership effectiveness is highest when leader intelligence is only moderately above follower intelligence. Effective leadership combined direction, decisiveness, inclusive dialogue, support, compassion, and relationship attention. Inclusive leadership mattered because the system depended on contributions from multiple organisations and levels. Management attitudes and behaviour directly shape organisational culture around medication safety. The physical separation of the team leader's office limited informal dialogue with ASS staff. Middle managers should empower healthcare workers in decision-making and enable regular reflection and dialogue. More inclusive and empathic leadership is recommended, especially during a…