Low-Resource Healthcare Settings

In low-resource settings such as Madagascar and Congo, inadequate screening is associated with about a fourfold increased ICU admission risk among anaemic patients. The article emphasizes practical implementation using existing or easily deployable resources instead of expensive infrastructure. In these settings, imaging, specialist consultation, and advanced diagnostics may be limited or unavailable. Conventional high-sensitivity TB diagnostic infrastructure may be unavailable, expensive, or logistically inaccessible in resource-limited settings. The TB detection gap is particularly severe in resource-limited settings. Preoperative anaemia prevalence is higher in low- and middle-income countries. The authors attribute the high mortality relative risk partly to emergency surgery, comorbidity burden, and limited preoperative anaemia optimisation in a resource-constrained environment. The article focuses on healthcare settings where resources and advanced diagnostics are limited. Diagnostics that work without extensive infrastructure are needed to reach populations missed by conventional TB testing.