Macrophages

Macrophage function is essential to ensure the bone heals correctly, and anything that impairs it slows the entire healing cascade. Macrophages clean up cellular debris and initiate inflammation in the early phase of fracture healing, which is a necessary and protective response. Later in the healing process, the same macrophages downregulate inflammation to allow tissue formation to proceed. Hyperglycemia from high sugar or high-carbohydrate diets directly suppresses white blood cell and macrophage activity.