Major Adverse Liver Outcomes

Cholangitis was the most common MALO event among African American patients at 6.77%, markedly higher than in other racial groups. MALO was defined as serious liver complications or end-stage manifestations of liver disease, encompassing acute liver failure, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, cholangitis, ascites, variceal bleeding, portal vein thrombosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients in the lowest income quartile had 19% higher adjusted odds of MALO than those in the highest quartile. Patients aged 50 years or older had more than twice the adjusted odds of MALO. Female sex was independently associated with significantly lower odds of MALO. Coronary artery disease and sepsis were significant independent clinical correlates of MALO. African American patients had 1.42 times the adjusted odds of MALO compared with white patients.