Mechanisms of Effect

The analysis could not directly test causal pathways for the observed reductions in hospital use. CLICS may have reduced acute admissions by addressing social determinants of ill health and improving resilience. Community connectors may have provided bilingual support and advocacy that helped patients access primary care earlier and avoid escalation to urgent admissions. CLICS may have improved timely access to primary care for people who struggle to navigate appointment systems. Resolving fuel poverty may prevent respiratory exacerbations, while improving social isolation and home safety may reduce falls among frail older people.