Microbial Species

Akkermansia muciniphila primarily protects the mucosal barrier. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is described as the primary butyrate producer in the large intestine. Lachnospiraceae is described as the secondary major producer of butyrate. Proteobacteria overabundance tracks with a pro-inflammatory gut environment and tends to flourish on high-fat or high-protein, low-fiber diets. Low butyrate-producer levels correlate with constipation, impaired colon health, inflammation, and compromised barrier integrity. Low Akkermansia indicates barrier vulnerability, while high Akkermansia is associated with dysbiosis and multiple sclerosis with caveats.