Ochratoxin A

Ochratoxin A impairs protein synthesis and inhibits phenylalanine hydroxylase. Ochratoxin A can damage mitochondrial function and decrease ATP production. Ochratoxin A is produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species. Ochratoxin A contaminates foods and beverages including wheat, wine, beer, coffee, meats, and dairy. NAC is presented as a primary first-line supplement for ochratoxin A exposure.