Pakistan's Healthcare System

Pakistan's healthcare system combines public hospitals offering subsidised basic services with private facilities providing specialised but expensive care. Male predominance in the study reflects gendered socio-cultural norms in which men typically manage household finances and navigate healthcare systems, not differences in cancer prevalence. Over 30% of Pakistan's population lives below the poverty line, and ongoing inflation continuously erodes purchasing power. Pakistan's public health expenditure remains below 2% of GDP, with most patients depending on out-of-pocket payments.