Percutaneous Nephrostomy

PCN places an external tube through the skin into the kidney. PCN was often performed with local anaesthetic and pain relief rather than general anaesthetic because some patients may be unsuitable for general anaesthesia. Some patients found PCN tolerable, but others experienced extreme pain and felt unprepared for its severity. Nephrostomy tubes can be physically awkward and require ongoing management. Most patient participants who received intervention underwent PCN.