Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

ICD-11 distinguishes complex PTSD from PTSD, while DSM-5 does not make the same distinction. Trauma exposure cases that do not meet formal diagnostic thresholds for PTSD are termed post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). PTSD is a heterogeneous mental disorder characterized by multiple symptom clusters. The IES-R showed high internal consistency in this study, with overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.93. The mean IES-R total score among participants was 13.02 with a standard deviation of 15.01. The IES-R assessed intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptom subscales. PTSD reduces quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality. People with intellectual disabilities have elevated exposure to trauma and elevated risk of PTSD compared with the general population. Traumatised people with intellectual disabilities commonly present with complex PTSD and additional comorbid or challenging behaviours.