PPA Evaluation

DOPP's average relative improvements over Open3DBench covered congestion, routed wirelength, WNS, TNS, and power. DOPP summarizes PPA quality with an L2 norm over min-max-normalized PPA metrics, where smaller scores are better. Final PPA metrics are expensive because they require full 3D backend implementation. The reported PPA metrics are congestion, routed wirelength, worst negative slack, total negative slack, and power. Backend PPA evaluation can act as a budget-aware optimization signal rather than only an end-of-flow validation step.