PPAR Agonists

PPARγ facilitates redistribution of adipose tissue from the liver to subcutaneous depots during adipocyte differentiation. PPARα exerts anti-inflammatory effects through transrepression of NF-κB-driven cytokine and chemokine production. PPARγ maintains hepatic stellate cells in a quiescent state, thereby preventing hepatic fibrogenesis. PPARα primarily drives fatty acid β-oxidation in hepatocytes, reducing hepatic fat accumulation. PPARβ/δ enhances glucose utilisation, regulates de novo lipogenesis, and activates Kupffer cells to contribute to hepatic insulin sensitivity. PPARγ alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress by inducing Nogo-B receptor expression and reducing PERK and IRE1 signalling.