Preconception Health Risks

Every participant in the study had at least four preconception health risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Most participants had between six and twelve distinct preconception health risk factors. Preconception health risks are modifiable factors that can harm maternal health, fetal development, and offspring long-term health. The most prevalent individual risks were environmental and household exposure, high coffee intake, and alcohol intake. The study attributes the high risk burden to economic conditions, education, healthcare access disparities, and conflict effects on Tigray's health system.