Pregnancy Outcomes

Identifying predictors of sarcopenia is considered clinically important because it may guide interventions to prevent sarcopenia in pregnant women with GDM, especially if sarcopenia is found to influence pregnancy progression. Small vulnerable newborns are live newborns who are preterm, small for gestational age, or low birth weight. Low birth weight is defined as birth weight below 2500 grams. Preterm birth is defined as live birth before 37 weeks and is divided into several severity categories. Newborn data collected will include sex, length, weight, and the five Apgar components. The main study limitations are the absence of long-term follow-up for mothers and newborns and a focus primarily on Caucasian women. The study will investigate possible associations between sarcopenia and adverse maternal, fetal, neonatal, and perinatal outcomes. The study's two primary outcomes are low birth weight and small vulnerable newborns. Secondary outcomes include pregnancy loss, birth timing, fetal growth, maternal complications, neonatal complications, infant feeding, and infant growth. Approximately 50% of participants will be recalled at 6 months postpartum for repeated sarcopenia tests, O…