Renal Progression

The adjusted hazard ratio versus metformin monotherapy was 0.84, with a 95% confidence interval from 0.58 to 1.21. Kaplan-Meier analysis found no statistically significant cumulative renal progression difference in any treatment comparison. The adjusted renal progression hazard ratios versus sulfonylurea plus metformin and DPP4 inhibitor plus metformin were not statistically significant. The primary outcome defined renal progression as end-stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy, sustained eGFR decline of at least 30%, or persistent doubling of serum creatinine with low eGFR. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio was excluded from the primary renal progression outcome because many patients lacked data.